BP Oil Spill and The Deep Water Horizon Accident - 1218 Words

Deep Water Horizon was a nine year old semisubmersible drilling rig that was designed to operate in waters ten thousand feet deep. This particular rig was built by the South Korean company Hyundai and owned by Transocean, on the world’s largest offshore drilling contractors. BP would charter the Deep Water Horizon from March 2008 to September 2013 for deep exploratory drilling. BP would drilling off of the Gulf of Mexico eighteen thousand three hundred and sixty feet below sea level, in five thousand one hundred feet of water. April 20, 2010 at 9:45 am, a high presser methane gas leak expanded into the drilling riser and the drilling rig, where the BP oil rig would ignite and explode. During the this time there were one hundred and twenty-six crew members working on the rig, out of them ninety-four were rescued by life boats and helicopters, seventeen were treated for injuries, but eleven of the crew members were never found. The Deep Water Horizon sank on the morning of April 22, 2010. Oil flowed for eighty-seven days, leaking a total of four point nine million barrels of oil. The amount of oil spilt during the Deep Horizon accident would make this the largest accidental oil spill in history. This spill had a detrimental affect the environment, bringing on many investigations and lawsuits. On January 5,2011 the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling released their final report. The panel found that the explosion was a result ofShow MoreRelatedBp Oil Explosion in the Gulf of Mexico1412 Words   |  6 Pagesits worst oil spill disasters in the history of marine petroleum exploration. A deadly oil well blowout at Macondo Prospect, about 41 miles off the southeast coast of Louisiana, spewed huge quantities of oil for 87 long days causing major environmental and economic troubles to the Gulf region (Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill). 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A Cultural Comparison of English and Chinese Family Names Free Essays

string(105) " The nations with a name order of family names preceding given names usually have a long feudal history\." Abstract The family names of humans are formed and used in the long process of the course of history and the development of society. Family names, being a part of culture, are closely related to history and culture. English and Chinese names are different in their origins and name orders, which is certain to be reflected in their perspective culture. We will write a custom essay sample on A Cultural Comparison of English and Chinese Family Names or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore an exploration of their reflections in the cultural aspects of historical development, feudal history, historical tradition, historical influence and current social situation will be beneficial for the deepening of English study and the mutual understanding and communication of the East and the West. Keywords: Cultural comparison, English family names, Chinese family names, Origin, Name order The word â€Å"culture† comes from the Latin root â€Å"colere† (to inhabit, to cultivate, or to honor). In general, it refers to human activity; different definitions of culture reflect different theories for understanding, or criteria for valuing, human activity. Culture is traditionally the oldest human character, its significant traces separating Homo from australopithecines, and Man from the Animals, though new discoveries are blurring these edges in our day. Sir Edward B. Tylor wrote in 1871 that â€Å"culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of ociety† while a 2002 document from the United Nations agency UNESCO states that culture is the â€Å"set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs†. [UNESCO, 2002]. It is generally accepted that language is part of culture. It carries culture, thus be influenced by culture. Names including family names, which is a part of language, are sure to reflect the distinct culture of the people using it. This paper intends to start from the English and Chinese family names from the perspectives of the origin and order so as to reveal their reflections on their own culture. A family name (in Western contexts often referred to as a last name or surname) is part of a person’s name indicating the family to which the person belongs. A family name is the most fundamental and most significant symbols showing the identification of the members of a society. The use of family names is widespread in cultures around the world, which means family names are part of culture. As far as English and Chinese names are concerned, their cultural differences can be shown in the origins of their family names and the different orders of their names so as to make us learn about the development history of a society or a nation and some other aspects of its culture, which is the purpose of this paper intending to make an analysis between English and Chinese family names from their cultures reflected. 1. Cultural reflections of the origins of family names If we trace back into the origins of Chinese family names, we can see that Chinese family names are closely related to the development history of the Chinese nation. According to legend, family names started with Emperor Fu Xi in 2852 BC. His administration standardized the naming system in order to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. For scientific documentation that matrilineal surnames existed in China before the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC) and that â€Å"by the time of the Shang Dynasty they (Chinese surnames) had become patrilinea. † Therefore, what we can learn first is that the ancestors of the Chinese nation came from primitive society. When the Chinese nation went into class society, the emperors had the supreme powers in their hands in awarding lands and fields to those ministers who performed meritorious service to their reigns, establishing official positions. Their supreme power was best exemplified in granting a surname to a person when he was alive or after his death. In addition, in feudal societies, the emperors’ names was a taboo on every occasions. The origins of family names also showed that Chinese nation actually is combination of multiple nationalities, which is the same case for the British and American people. As for English family names, 226 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 6, No. 11; November 2010 they have a relatively short history. Documents indicate that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and only slowly spread to the other parts of society. In Britain, hereditary surnames were adopted in the 13th and 14th centuries, initially by the aristocracy but eventually by everyone. By 1400, most English and Scottish people had acquired surnames, but many Scottish and Welsh people did not adopt surnames until the 17th century, or even later. Henry VIII (1491–1547) ordered that marital births be recorded under the surname of the father. The whole process lasted for 500 years. However, English family names differ from Chinese family names in their civilians consciousness, which can be shown in the casual choice of their family names for even a nickname, childhood name like Fox, Stout, Armstrong, Longfellow can be a person’s family name. The origins of English family names can show their love for nature, respect for and sentimental attachment to everything in it. English family names like Bird, Lion, Swan, Wood, Wolf, Bush, Flower, Rose and Apple are such examples. Their family names also indicated that English people are characterised by the pursuit for novelty and oddness without an exception of their family names. According to a survey made in 1974, there were as many as 1,280,000 family names in America, among which more than 1/3 were those that had never been used before, which was obviously a result of Americans’ unconventional and original personality. 2. Cultural reflections of the order of family names 2. 1 Reflection of perspective feudal history The nations with a name order of family names preceding given names usually have a long feudal history. You read "A Cultural Comparison of English and Chinese Family Names" in category "Family" The Han nationality have a feudal history of more than 2,500 years, which started from the Western Zhou (1066 – 771 BC)or Eastern Zhou (770 – 256 BC) Chinese society to the Opium War in1839. However, the feudal history of those nations with a name order whose given names precede family names is relatively short. Great Britain is a case in point. It only had a short feudal history of several hundred years. From the 9th century to the 11th century, Britain was still on its way to feudalization and there exited a large number of free farmers. It was only after the Norman Conquest of 1066, the feudal system was widely established in Britain. However, only several hundred years later, in the 14th century, its feudal system was disintegrated. When it came to the 16th century, the capitalism was widely developed, which directly led to the British Bourgeois Revolution in the 17th century. To sum up, the feudal history of Britain is very short with no more than 500 years, but its capitalism was developed quite early. 2. 2 Reflection of perspective historical tradition The nations with a name order of family names preceding given names usually have a long feudal history, in which there wasn’t any democratic tradition and everything was determined by the will of the supreme emperors. Therefore, in those nations, given names which represent a person himself can only be put behind family names which stand for home ownership. In China, from the very beginning of family names, they were put before given names and the tradition lasted for more than 2,500 years. In these nations, although the choice of a person’s given names has always been changing with the era, the order of names has always been stable. On the contrary, the British and American people had their democratic tradition even in the feudal reign, which made these nations strengthened more on individual roles. Therefore, their given name which stands for the individual himself was always put before their family name which is a representation of their family. 2. 3 Reflection of their historical influence Chinese name order has a direct influence on that of its neighbouring countries like Korea, Vietnam and Japan because of its 5,000 year history of civilization. China’s naming system came into being as early as the reign of Emperor Fu Xi. Its neighbouring countries like Korea, Vietnam and Japan either had long been its dependent country or using Chinese characters as their own language. They were greatly influenced by its culture. Similarly, these countries all had a long feudal history, had no democratic tradition, bordered China, used Chinese characters. Therefore it was no wonder that they were sure to be influenced Chinese cultures including naming system. However, the English name order was influenced by Roman Republic in its early time. Rome became a republic in about B. C. 510. From then on, the civilians had constant fights against nobility for their rights, which was the origin of their democratic tradition. Because at that time, ancient Rome was the number one civilized country in Europe and in the course of its development it constantly expanded its territories and formed its hegemony in the Mediterranean in the 2nd century B. C. , therefore, its democratic tradition had a great influence on the formation of the national psychology of the whole Europe. Ancient Romans’ name was spelled in Latin, and freeman’s name was formed by given name plus tribe or clan name, which was actually their family name. Take the famous Great Emperor Caesar of ancient Rome for example, his name was formed by three parts, that is Caius, Julius Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 227 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 6, No. 11; November 2010 and Caesar. With the development of history, the middle name which was one’s clan name disappeared with the diminishing power of clan. The Roman name order which strengthened individual role was widely accepted in the Miderterranean with its expansion in this area. The Latin language which was spoken by ancient Romans first replaced other languages in this area but then split into Italian, French, Portugese and Spanish with the fall of the Roman Empire. Because these languages all have Latin origin, it’s natural that the name order of the Latin language permeated into their languages. 3. Reflection of current social situation Family names are not only used for addressing people, they also reflect social realities at that time. In China’s ancient Zhou Dynasty, having or not having a family name showed the contradictory relation between the ruling class and the working class. Before the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, Chinese women followed their husband’s family name by abandoning their original family name, which showed the feudal prejudice against and bondage upon them. After the establishment of the P. R. C. , the social status of Chinese women has been greatly improved and been considered â€Å"half sky†, they can keep their own family name when they get married. However, in England and cultures derived from there, there has long been a tradition for a woman to change her surname upon marriage from her birth name to her husband’s last name. From the first known US instance of a woman keeping her birth name, Lucy Stone in 1855, there has been a general increase in the rate of women keeping their original name. This has gone through periods of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decline in the percentage of name retention among women. As of 2004, roughly 90% of American women automatically assumed their husband’s surname upon getting married. Even in families where the wife has kept her birth name, parents traditionally choose to give their children their father’s family name. Although in America, there was a great change for married women traditionally known as Mrs [Husband’s full name] into a modern Mrs [Husband’s last name], the incompleteness of women’s liberation can still be shown from this. To sum up, family names are not only a sign for a person but reflect culture from different aspects. And a comparison of English and Chinese family names can make us learn about the cultural differences shown from the origins and name orders, which is good for the deepening of the study of English as well as helps to promote the mutual understanding and communication of the East and the West. How to cite A Cultural Comparison of English and Chinese Family Names, Essays

Catcher in the Rye Comparison free essay sample

Wantâ€Å"The Catcher in the Rye and The Five Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs† In the article â€Å"The Five levels of Maslows hierarchy of needs† by Abraham Maslow explains the basic needs that a person wants to achieve during his or her lifetime. Cherry states that there are 5 basic needs a person wants to achieve, which are physiological, security, social, esteem, and self actualization being the highest of these needs. The needs go up as a pyramid and the higher you go the longer and harder the needs are to full fill. Then higher needs become more important than the needs below it. Maslow also explains in the article how the needs will not necessarily appear in the same order depending on the type of person. In the book â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† by J. D Salinger, the main character Holden is working up the pyramid of needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Catcher in the Rye Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He gets to a point where the needs take over him and to reach the needs that his behavior is impacted by them. Holden has achieved part of the needs but not fully, the need of love, esteem and self actualize have not t only certain parts of it have. this has led to the behavior of change throughout the story and for him to try everything he can to accomplish the needs. One of the needs that holden wants to achieve in the book is social. According to Maslow the social need is â€Å"[The] needs for belonging, love and affection†(1). Holden tries many ways to satisfy the need. He starts talking to strangers on the street and he even invites the taxicab men for a drink(60-61). Holden does not have the social need because he doesnt have many friends and his parents do not pay much attention to him. Holden wants to have friends and feel the need to be loved. The only person that shows love for him is his sister Phoebe. Holden really cares about her and feels that she is the only one that loves him. Also, Holden wants to satisfy the social need because when he goes on a date with Sally he starts to tell her that they should get married and go live together. He also says that he will work to get a lot of money and support sally and him(132). Holden’s behavior is affected by the need of love making him imagine the scenario where he will be happy, marry someone and love them forever fulfilling the need of love and making him move up the pyramid of needs. With the love he gets from his sister and with him getting a girlfriend the need of love would be accomplished and he wont have to behave in such a way that he imagines scenarios of being with someone. Another need that Holden does not have is esteem. According to Maslow the self esteem need is â€Å".. the need for things that reflect on self esteem, personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment. † (1) Holden does not have this need because he is always depressed, thinks of his life as low and is surrounded by phonies. When holden was in the Wicker bar he got all drunk and started to cry and feel lonesome since he had nobody to talk to. He even started to call people he knew when it was very late (153). Holden is always feeling sad and lonely because he has no friends to talk to or interact with. He doesnt think of himself as highly and instead looks highly on other people like stradlater, when he mentioned he was sexy and was going out with Jane and he didnt do anything about it. Holden does not want to succeed in life because he is always failing all of his classes and does not put effort into his work. He also says to Sally that he gets nothing out of school and just feels that he is surrounded by phonies all the time (131) The lack of effort on school has led him to be kicked out again and for him to be nobody and not have the need to be recognize the way he said in his imagination where he would be a deaf mute and be all alone and wont have to talk to anybody for the rest of his life. Finally, the need that has satisfied is self actualized. According to Maslow â€Å"self actualized individuals are concerned with solving problems outside of themselves including helping others †(2). Holden has the need of self actualized person because he really cares about other people and tries to protect them. He tries to protect the children’s innocence because when he saw the â€Å"fuck you† on the wall he got really mad because Holden doesnt want the children to see it since he feels that their innocence will go away too soon(204). Holden feels that after a person loses their innocence, problems similar to his will start to appear. Holden doesn’t want the children to lose their innocence and become like him. He doesnt want them to grow up and see life as something bad and realize how the world is, not happy and just surrounded by a bunch of phonies. Another time that Holden cares about other people is when Stradlater is on a date with Jane the girl that Holden feels lover for her. Stradlater didn’t know how her name was pronounced and Holden said he was a moron(100) Holden wanted to protect Jane from getting hurt by Stradlater. Holden didnt want to see her suffer since he really cares about her and he didnt want just anyone to play around with her feelings. Holden wanted to keep her away from the bad and to not suffer the way she did when she was in her house and started crying because of her dad. Holden wants her happy and will do anything to make it happen. Holden has achieved the need of self actualization and he demonstrates it through his actions throughout the book. In conclusion, Holden is the character that fits well with the article writing by Kendra Cherry. Where his behavior is impacted by the missing needs. This are the need of love and self esteem. The only needs that Holden has achieved are physiological,security and self actualization which is not common between people because it is the highest need and the last one to achieved but Holden has achieved it and he demonstrates it throughout the book. His struggle and behavior change is seen as the books progresses and he tries everything to achieve the needs he is missing. Holden has shown that people will achieve different needs in different order and that they will try anything to get them. In the end of the book he realizes what he was doing and becomes more mature, knowing that it will help him in the long run with fulfilling the needs he needs.